ZhiZhong Xing: 中国大亚湾中微子振荡实验

一月 18, 2005

中国大亚湾中微子振荡实验

我的第一篇日记介绍一下正在酝酿中的中国大亚湾核反应堆中微子振荡实验，其目的在于测量最小的轻子味混合角q₁₃。有关材料摘自高能所主页之科技园地。

中微子作为构成物质世界最基本的粒子，在最微观的粒子物理规律和最宏观的宇宙的起源及演化中都起着十分重大的作用。中微子物理研究领域的几次重大突破都获得了诺贝尔物理学奖。近年来的重大成果有：发现了中微子有质量，不同的中微子之间有振荡，即由一种中微子转换为另一种中微子，称为中微子混合。这些成果被授予了2002年诺贝尔物理学奖，中微子物理已经成为国际高能物理、天体物理与宇宙学研究的共同热点。

中微子振荡实验是研究中微子性质的主要途径，中微子振荡的规律可以用六个参数来表示，部分参数已经由太阳中微子、大气中微子、反应堆和加速器实验测得数值。而测量难度更大、物理意义更重要的CP破坏相角d与混合角q₁₃成为下一代中微子实验的主要目标，其中q₁₃又直接影响d的测量，因此精确测量q₁₃成为中微子实验的首要任务。

比较目前国际上的太阳中微子、大气中微子、反应堆和加速器这几类中微子实验，其中反应堆中微子实验最有可能获得突破性成果。由于核电站反应堆是很好的中微子源，它与实验用的探测器距离可以较近，其通量比太阳和大气中微子高好几个数量级，且背景干净，所得数据唯一、确定。反应堆中微子实验还具有耗资较少、技术成熟、建设周期短的特点，它的实验结果为长基线中微子振荡实验进一步实现对中微子的物质效应、CP破坏效应、中微子质量层次的测量有着重要的意义，而中微子CP破坏的测量与目前最有可能解释宇宙中物质—反物质不对称性的理论直接联系。

自上世纪八十年代起，国际上的已完成和正在进行的反应堆的中微子实验，探测器与反应堆的距离由二十多米发展至二百公里，探测器重量由几十公斤发展至几千吨。但由于精度的限制，只能测量较大的混合角q₁₂和q₂₃。在激烈的国际竞争中，实验地点的选择是体现这类实验竞争力的关键。与国际上有关实验装置相比，我国大亚湾核电站所处优越的环境，包括反应堆的距离、功率、周围的山势，加上我们在探测器设计上的独到之处，使我们有可能以最小的系统误差，得到国际上领先的q₁₃精确测量结果，这也是中国科学界对基础科学研究作出巨大贡献的难得机遇。

大亚湾核电站具有两个得天独厚的有利条件：

一是反应堆功率高，因而中微子事例率高。到2010年岭澳二期工程竣工之后，大亚湾反应堆总热功率将达到17.4GW，是仅次于日本Kashiwazaki的近距离反应堆群。

二是反应堆周围有山，可以较容易地建立地下实验室，探测器将有较厚的岩石覆盖层以减小本底的影响。

大亚湾反应堆中微子实验将在山腹内建设三个实验厅，分别设置近端和远端实验站。两个近点探测器分别对大亚湾和岭澳的反应堆进行测量，一个远端探测器距反应堆约2公里。实验厅之间开挖隧道相连接。利用中微子近端和远端距离的变化进行中微子振荡的相对测量，抵消实验的系统误差，大大提高实验的精度。探测器设计拟采用三层结构、多模块、二重反符合系统以降低本底及系统误差。探测器将设计成可移动式的，能进一步减小探测器间的差别带来的误差，提高测量精度，预期对q13的测量的灵敏度可达到1%。

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Comments

Great to see a neutrino experiment in China! Is the "Da4Ya1Wan1" underground lab in construction? How deep it will be? What kind of detector will be used? It's really interesting to see that.

btw, I also graduated from PKU physics in 2000. You are really my Da4 Shi1 Xiong1. :)

Posted by: Kaixuan | 一月 20, 2005 at 07:53 上午

EXPLAINING HOW THE AMERICAN PSYCHOTRONICS WORKS.

The american psychotronics is the next superweapon that has made nuclear deterrents totally obsolete.

WHAT IS PSYCHOTRONICS.

The american psychotronics is the result of an arm race during the cold war with the Soviet Union. Its scale is only matched by the Manhattan Project and it shares the same secrecy.

It is a new class of weapon, and goes far beyond the scope of the Electronic Warfare. It can not only monitor any electromagnetic signals but interfere as well with any electronic system. Classical electromagnetic shielding like Faraday Cage and Tempest are useless.
The psychotronics uses a carrier that is known to penetrate building materials including layers of metals, underground and underwater. The coverage is worldwide and 24/7.
Last but not least, what makes this new weapon totally revolutionary is the capability to monitor and interfere with biological organisms, especially with neural systems, thus achieving much more than a
simple long range active invasive brain machine interface, which ultimately allows the hijacking of individuals.

THE PRINCIPLES BEHIND THE AMERICAN PSYCHOTRONICS.

1.Remote monitoring of neural activities and non biological electromagnetic activities:
The highly penetrating long range psychotronic carrier composed of particle size beams of neutrinos or muons, is first send toward the targeted synapse or possibly the neurotransmitter, then recorded after the interaction. The difference is then calculated.
To ensure a long range accurate targeting, an array of satellites is used to achieve a synthetic aperture for a higher resolution, working in interferometric mode. The electronic steering of the psychotronic carrier is similar with the one used in phased array antennas.

2. Deciphering and encoding of the neural code and all other non biological electromagnetic signals:
Feasible only with the use of the world fastest US military super computers.

3. Remote neural firing and non biological electrical firing:
A neural firing is induced after a thermal effect is produced, possibly from a Cherenkov effect when the neutrinos carrier is focused at synapses or neurotransmitters.

A second speculative explanation is the direct manipulation of neurotransmitters through the holographic optical tweezers technology, with beams of neutrinos.

A third explanation is the muon decay, when a beam of muons is first send and then decays into electrical charges (electrons) upon arrival at the surface of a neuron, electronic circuits or any object, provided
there is a good timing.

The high resolution required is achieved through a synthetic aperture with an array of satellites working in interferometric mode. The electronic steering of the psychotronic carrier is similar with the one used in phased array antennas. In addition, the gamma knife
effect is thus possible for ensuring an accurate firing.

THE COMPONENTS OF THE PSYCHOTRONICS.

This technology is by its nature complex and unique to its inventor, the US.
There are mainly five principal parts as:

1. The American CIA. The US is the exclusive
owner and sole user of the psychotronics technology.

2. The US command center and processing center with the massive computer facilities.

3. The relaying satellite stations worldwide (located in the US, UK, Canada, Australia, EU, Japan, Pacific, etc.)

4. The net of unknown number of psychotronic satellites in low earth orbit. This would provide a worldwide coverage 24 hours a day, like the other american GPS system. There are a total of more than 200 all types american military satellites, so hiding a small percentage of this secret psychotronic type among them is easy. They must be equipped with powerful phased array antennas type detectors/emitters to ensure a high level of accuracy.

5. The targets: any human being, biological organism or electronic system. That is, the enemies of the US policy, like world leaders and influential people like politicians, scientists, diplomats, journalists, celebrities, spy and civilians, animals etc.

EXPLAINING HOW THE PSYCHOTRONICS WEAPON IS USED.

Being an american invention, it is used like any other previous tool available to the US leaders.
Looking back to history, the main goal of the US policy is and ever was to implement its murderous imperialistic agenda for hegemonic total world domination.

After having defeated the Soviet Union by stealth manipulations, brain washing and remote controlling of key political, military and academic leaders over probably more than a decade, including the use
of remote engineering of artificial movements of mass protests and social dissents, starting probably as early as 1975, this warfare is now turned toward the rest of the free world.

SCIENTISTS.

Suspected leading psychotronic scientists include Allan H. Frey (Frey A.H. and Messenger R., “Human Perception of Illumination with Pulsed Ultrahigh-Frequency Electromagnetic Energy” , Science 181:356-8, 1973), Jose M.R.Delgado (neuroscientist, first remote
controlling of a bull via radio frequencies in the 1960s) and Donald Arthur Glaser (nuclear physicist and neurobiologist, inventor of the bubble chamber detector).

THE ROLE OF THE VICTIM'S ASSOCIATIONS.

A small group of individuals have been targeted in every country worldwide and purposely let disseminate accounts that are scientifically too naive and unsubstantiated to convince a larger public (e.g. implants, microwaves, "perpetrators", "Scalar waves",
involvements of foreign governments, involvements of private organizations, aliens, paranormal claims, etc.), therefore achieving a disinformation task and smoke screen effect.

Related Link:

The First Detection of The Neutrino.
http://www.ps.uci.edu/physics/news/nuexpt.html

________________________________________________________

THREE-DIMENSIONAL THERMAL VOLUME THROUGH PHASED ARRAY ANTENNAS STYLE EMITTERS/DETECTORS.

The following is a model for the principle behind remote psychotronic weapon:

"When a thermal effect is applied on a neuron or synapse there is a neural firing. A three-dimensional digitally encoded thermal volume of the size of the
human body can be painted with a net of phased array antenna style emitters/detectors, electronically steared beam of high definition psychotronic
carrier : possibly neutrinos or muons."

Indeed, radio waves or even micro waves have too poor definitions to target individual neurons. We are looking at a psychotronics carrier with wavelength
several times shorter than the size of a neuron or even synapse ! Moreover, radio waves cannot defeat Faraday cages or go very deep underground, as do
neutrinos or muons.

Finally, most important, the suspected inducement of neural firings through a thermal effect is confirmed by the experimental use of infrared light as reported in the November 2004 issue of Discover magazine.
________________________________________________________

THERMAL EFFECT THROUGH CHERENKOV EFFECT.

Astronauts of the Apollo missions heading for the Moon reported having seen flashes of light.

This is now explain by the Cherenkov effect : Cherenkov radiation (also spelled Cerenkov) is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle passes through an insulator at a speed greater than that of light in the medium.
In this case, cosmic rays inducing flashes of blue light when passing through the liquid of the astronauts eyeballs.

More generally, we can extrapolate that a Cherenkov effect that occurs inside a neuron or even a synapse might generate enough photons to induced a thermal
effect, leading finally to a neural firing. Should this hypothesis be validated, psychotronic carriers with ground and metal penetrating capabilities
(like Faraday cage) includes cosmic rays, neutrinos, muons, etc.

Note it is possible to artificially generate over 50,000 neutrinos per second.
________________________________________________________

MUON DECAY: A WAY TO REMOTELY DELIVER AN ELECTRICAL CHARGE.

As demonstrated by Luigi Galvani in 1871, when an electrical charge is applied to a neural cell, there is a neural firing.

One century latter, by 1970, a way to remotely do the same Galvani experiment has been made possible, this time not with an electrostatic machine (a device for making sparks) or a Leyden jar, but with the use of a long range carrier, able to penetrate building materials, layers of metal and some depth of soil and
water.

This is the founding principle behind the modern long range, worldwide American psychotronic weapon.

Muons have a lifetime of 2.20 microseconds. A muon decays into an electron and two neutrinos.

This means it is indeed possible to send first a highly penetrating beam of muons through layers of buildings, that then decays into electrical charges
(electrons) upon arrival at the surface of a neuron, electronic circuits or any object, provided there is a good timing.

Related Link:

Muon decay.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/lepton.html
________________________________________________________

DONALD ARTHUR GLASER 1960 PHYSICS NOBEL PRIZE.

Donald Arthur Glaser received a Physics Nobel Prize in 1960 for the invention of the bubble chamber (a particle detector). Strangely, in 1964, he was given the
additional title of Professor of Molecular Biology. His unexpected new passion for neuroscience eventually lead him to his current position (since 1989) of
Professor of Physics and Neurobiology in the Graduate School of the University of California at Berkeley...

________________________________________________________

SONY CORPORATION UNITED STATES PATENT 6,729,337.

When a three-dimensional space is painted with coded ultrasound pulses over the human neural cortex, it is possible to remotely generate multiple sensory perception as demonstrated by the May 4, 2004 Thomas P. Dawson United States Patent 6,729,337 assigned to the Sony Corporation.

As correctly speculated in previous discussions, the psychotronic carrier is indeed generated, steered and focused with a phased array type device: a dual
transducer acoustical system.
This system achieves probably for the first time the remote generation of multiple sens within the neural cortex : visual, audio, taste, smell and touch.

Unfortunately, there is no mention of a way for a feedback or remote monitoring of the neural cortex.

Finally, the exact mechanism leading from the acoustic pulse to the neural firing is not precisely explained, with only mentions of alterations of the neural firing timing in the cortex.

Ultrasounds are not long range carriers and certainly unable to pass through walls and ground.

This patent constitutes without any doubt a major breakthrough. Can one extrapolate that this mechanism also works with metal penetrating carriers like neutrinos and muons ? The demonstration of this will be the next important step.

Below is an interesting excerpt:

The present invention solves the foregoing drawbacks by providing a non-invasive system and process for generating/projecting sensory data (visual, audio, taste, smell or touch) within/onto the human neural cortex.

One embodiment of the system comprises a primary transducer array and a secondary transducer array. The primary transducer array acts as a coherent
or nearly-coherent signal source. The secondary transducer array acts as a controllable, acoustical diffraction pattern that shapes, focuses and
modulates energy from the primary transducer onto the neural cortex in a desired pattern. The secondary transducer emits acoustical energy that may be
shifted in phase and amplitude relative to the primary array emissions.

The pattern of energy is constructed such that each portion of the pattern projected into the neural cortex may be individually pulsed at low frequency.
The system produces low frequency pulsing by controlling the phase differences between the emitted energy of the primary and secondary transducer array elements. The pulsed ultrasonic signal alters the neural
timing in the cortex.

Related Link:

Sony Corporation United States Patent 6,729,337.

http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6,729,337.WKU.&OS=PN/6,729,337&RS=PN/6,729,337
________________________________________________________

THE GAY BOMB.

The Gay bomb is the most recent report purportedly leaked into the western media, about the alleged non-lethal chemical and biological weapon research
program of the US army. It seems to be once again a typical CIA produced piece of disinformation to cover up the reality of their psychotronic warfare.

By carefully reading the report, one can not miss the characteristic and well documented physical ailments imputable to the sole use of psychotronic weapons.

BODY ODOURS.

Body Odours remote engineering, such as halitosis and hyperhidrosis are known result of the remote hijacking of the hormonal and digestive systems.
Diabetes which is also another frequently reported ailment, can of course contribute to this goal.

SEXUAL BEHAVIOR MANIPULATION.

Moreover, for many decades now, frequent reports of sexual orientation manipulation by the targeted individuals, are for the first time substantiated by the admission of US warfare research program. The remote
inducement of artificial homosexual, pedophile, nymphomaniac and other abnormal compulsive behaviors are indeed possible with the remote control of
dedicated part of the nervous system and of the genitalia, in association with repeated downloads of vivid dreams, systematic disruption of sleep
pattern especially during REM periods over months and years. Remote stimuli are also frequently broadcasted with visual sequences to achieve a Pavlovian conditioning purpose.

INSECT AND ANIMAL WARFARE.

In addition, the use of remotely hijacked insects such as swarms of raging ants or lethal flies laying their meat hungry maggots on living pets animal as way to harass, destroy properties and bring horrendous and painful death is also mentioned publicly for the first time.

THE REALITY OF THE GAY BOMB.

All these are not as "non-lethal" as alleged but tools of a not so stealthy worldwide american CIA terror warfare directed at innocent civilian populations that is still continuing.

SOURCE.

Michael Smith,"The Gay bomb", The Telegraph, 15/01/2005.

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/01/15/wlove15.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/01/15/ixnewstop.html
________________________________________________________

THE IMPLANTS FALLACY.

The implant fallacy is a theory largely disseminated purposely in the media to provide a smoke screen for the CIA psychotronic warfare.

THE ORIGIN OF THE FALLACY

It seems that at the beginning, that is in the 1980s, people targeted by the CIA without any clue about the technology used to conduct the torture against
them have tried to explain the psychotronics with known experiments already conducted by neuroscientists at that time.

Certainly the most infamous was Jose Manuel Rodriguez Delgado's experiment with an implant used to remote control a bull in the 1960s. The "stimoceiver"
(http://www.mindcontrolforums.com/nosman.htm) was then linked by radio transmission.

From Yale University where he worked, he returned to his native Spain at the end of 1970.

FURTHER EVOLUTION

Thus, from brain implants, requiring extensive surgery, with very limited functions and controlled by radio frequencies, this theory evolved into a
stealthy device that could be concealed into teeth fillings (http://www.mindcontrolforums.com/huang.htm), with the most famous case illustrated by Bobby Fisher.

This new twaddle was indeed absolutely necessary to explain the obvious absence of any surgical traces on the victims.

It is obvious that at this stage, a major flaw has appeared, the electrodes of the implant being no longer in contact with the brain. Moreover, there is no
explanation about the source of electricity required to power the implant.
Worse, no word was said about the nature of the data link between the implants and the remote operators (the CIA).

LATER DEVELOPMENT

A further complaisant exaggeration resulted in the logical miniaturization of the implants, thus allowing the general use of implants among the population,
in the form of a spray containing myriads of readily injectable microchips.

This ultimate drivel was even more convenient, in that, it could finally explain why victims neither had any knowledge of the "secret" extensive surgeries required to put the alleged implants in place nor why there was no physical cicatrices left.

It is noteworthy to stress that this fallacy does not required the implants to have any direct contact with the brain, and works wherever it is injected in
the human body. No explanation is given for the source of power. No explanation neither for the data link between the remote operators and the implants.

WHY IMPLANTS SIMPLY DON'T EXIST

People who tried to fill lawsuits against the US government (http://www.mindcontrolforums.com/v/schlundmotion.htm) have never been able to provide any proof of the existence of these alleged implants. Medical imagery
such as MRI have shown nothing.

If radio frequencies are used to link the implant to the operator, then EM shieldings such as Faraday cage or underground places have proven this wrong.

In addition, it is known that the American psychotronics is able to interact with:

*Electronic devices.
*Materials such as ceramics (http://www.aisjca-mft.org/tech_ask.htm), enamel,
pottery, glass, textile fibers, plastic, paper, etc...
*Animals and insects (http://www.conwiki.com/index.php?title=Frey_effect).

Actions implants cannot perform, and proof this weaponry is without any doubt conducted via a long range carrier.

CONSEQUENCES

According to recent polls, nearly half of the declared victims believed in the existence of such implants, preventing them from taking appropriate countermeasures to cope with this warfare.

In this regard, the CIA disinformation effort conducted via the remote control of the victims themselves has been more than successful in covering up the
true nature of the American psychotronic technology, ensuring the ultimate state of permanent helplessness for those credulous enough, that is, for periods exceeding three decades now.
________________________________________________________

THE MICROWAVES FALLACY.

The Microwave fallacy or more generally the Radio Frequency fallacy is a piece of disinformation purposely disseminated in the media to provide a smoke
screen for the CIA psychotronic warfare.

THE ORIGIN OF THE FALLACY

For victims enduring the infamous noise campaign torture, the closest and most obvious case was the microwave hearing phenomenon, effect already described
during the second World War where microwaves emitted by radars could induce hearing perception inside the head of human beings, sounds not heard by people
standing nearby.

FURTHER EVOLUTION

After extensive study of this effect by the US military, especially by Allan H Frey who named this phenomenon after him, in the 1960s, the development of
numerous receiverless devices for voice transmission in the US became possible starting from the 1970s.

This gave of course additional steam for the proponent of this twaddle. It is noteworthy to stress that microwaves generate unwanted side effects such as
dizziness, headaches, pins and needles sensation, and are a health hazard on the long run much more than cell phones since all the energy is directed inside the brain. Worse, the inherent size of these wavelengths prevent the discrimination of individual neurons, absolutely necessary for a full genuine remote monitoring and remote control of the neural cortex.

LATEST DEVELOPMENTS

Never satisfied with one single drivel, the victims under the remote control of the CIA started to propagate even more ridiculous fallacies, such as the
use of Radio Frequencies, and finally ELF. Indeed, these wavelengths are even longer, thus achieving an even poorer resolution. The entire brain would only
look like a single dot, instead of the billions of dots required to discriminate each individual neurons.

WHY MICROWAVES SIMPLY DON'T EXIST

The less science illiterate among the victims have naturally tried to block these alleged microwaves with Faraday cages , underground, tunnel and underwater shielding. Since all have failed, the conclusion is unequivocal.
The American psychotronic weapon uses a non electromagnetic long range carrier.

CONSEQUENCES

The CIA disinformation effort conducted via the remote control of the victims (http://home.earthlink.net/~alanyu76/microwave2.htm) themselves has been more than successful in covering up the true nature of the American psychotronic technology, preventing the victims from taking appropriate countermeasures to cope with this warfare and ensuring the ultimate state of permanent helplessness for those credulous enough, that is, for periods exceeding three decades now.

Therefore, the microwave fallacy is surely the mother of all CIA smokescreens.
________________________________________________________

MUONS:A NEW POTENTIAL PSYCHOTONIC CARRIER.

A new particle size carrier is now to be seriously considered as a potential psychotronic carrier.

Like previously discussed Neutrinos, Muons are small enough to allows very hight resolution, that is at the neurotransmitters level. Moreover, there are equally ground and metal penetrating.

Finally, the newly commissioned nuclear attack submarine USS Jimmy Carter (SSN23) is known to be able to tap undersea cables and eavesdrop on the communications passing through them. Psychotronic technologies must not be excluded !

Below is an excerpt from Spacewar.com:

In the late 1960s, Luis Alvarez, a Nobel physics laureate from the University of California, Berkeley placed muon detectors in a tunnel beneath the Great Pyramid of Chefren in Egypt in search of hidden burial chambers. None were discovered.

Closer to home, scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico have been exploring the use of muon radiography to detect illicit nuclear materials in cargo containers or trucks.
Existing X-ray devices, already being deployed at ports and border crossings, cannot readily detect a well-shielded cache of highly enriched uranium, material that could be used in a devastating nuclear bomb.

Newer scanning methods, using either dual-beam X-rays or neutrons, can pose radiation hazards to security personnel or illegal immigrants who might stow
away in a container.

____________________________________________

LUIS WALTER ALVAREZ 1968 PHYSICS NOBEL PRIZE.

The Scientists Behind the Superweapon.

Perfect examples of the mentality, motivations and the kind of people behind the development of such psychotronic technologies are illustrated by American
particle physicists like Luis Walter Alvarez, the 1968 Physics Nobel Prize
laureate, and his associates.

His father, Dr. Walter Clement Alvarez, was a medical researcher at the University of California at San Francisco.

At the University of Chicago in 1928, he was especially interested in organic
chemistry and planned to major in chemistry. But after discovering physics,
he soon changed his major to physics and received his B.S. in 1932.

Alvarez stayed at Chicago for his graduate work and his assigned advisor was Arthur Holly Compton who won the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the effect named after him. This discovery, also known as the Compton scattering demonstrated the particle concept of electromagnetic radiation, especially in the X-ray scattering. Moreover, Compton developed the
method for observing at the same instant individual scattered X-ray photons.

It is significant that in 1942, Compton appointed Julius Robert Oppenheimer as
the top theorist of a Committee charged with investigating the properties and
manufacture of uranium. In the summer of that same year, the Committee's work was taken over by the US Army to become the first American superweapon project, the Manhattan Project.

Alvarez earned all his bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees at the
University of Chicago. His doctoral dissertation concerned the diffraction of
light. A little earlier he discovered the East-West Effect of cosmic rays,
demonstrating that cosmic rays consist of some kind of positively charged particles.

Less than a month after passing his oral examinations for the Ph.D. degree,
Alvarez moved to the University of California at Berkeley, where he remained
until retiring in 1978. He became a research scientist with Ernest Orlando
Lawrence who won the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the cyclotron and its applications. The aim leading to the invention of the cyclotron was was to produce very high energy particles required for atomic disintegration. During World War II, his Rad Lab became one of the major
centers for atomic research, key for the development of the American superweapon project. For that end, Lawrence notably developed the calutron, a mass spectrometer used for separating the isotopes of uranium.

Within his first year at Berkeley, Alvarez discovered the process of K-electron capture, in which some atomic nuclei decay by absorbing one of the electrons in its first orbital.

In his research with 1952 Nobel Prize-winning physicist Felix Bloch, Alvarez
developed a method for producing a beam of slow moving neutrons. It is noteworthy to mention that during World War II, Bloch first worked for the American atomic superweapon program at Los Alamos National Laboratory, before resigning and joining the American Radio Angle Detection And Ranging Project or RADAR Project at Harvard University, where radio waves were used as a
carrier for remotely detecting, ranging, and mapping targets. But he was finally awarded the Nobel Prize with Edward Mills Purcell for investigating the nuclear magnetic resonance, the underlying principles of the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imagery or MRI, allowing the acquisition of physical, chemical, electronic and structural information of a molecule.

It is not uninteresting to highlight that Purcell earned his Ph.D at Harward University under Kenneth Tompkins Bainbridge, and where he remained throughout
his career. In 1934, Bainbridge designed and aided in the construction of two
important cyclotrons at Harvard University. Later, he was recruited by Julius Robert Oppenheimer to work on the American superweapon Manhattan Project at Los Alamos as director of the first atomic bomb test code named Project Trinity. Bainbridge also designed and built spectrometers that measured mass with extreme accuracy.
During World War II, Purcell headed the group working on very short wavelength
radar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Radiation Laboratory, where
microwave radar was being urgently developed. In 1945, Purcell with his
collaborators Robert Vivian Pound and Henry Cutler Torrey observed nuclear magnetic resonance, while still working on a series of books on radar. In 1951, Purcell with his student Harold Irving Ewen were the first to use the 21 cm radio wavelenght from neutral hydrogen hyperfine emission, as remote detection tool, thus allowing soon the mapping of entire extraterrestrial
regions, that is galactic, and until then hidden by cosmic dust clouds.
He also developed with Pound the concept of negative spin temperatures, which
was a precursor to the maser and laser.
More significant, he applied with Howard C. Berg physics to biological problems in their description of the physics of chemoreception, the sensory process where specialized cells in the body convert chemical stimuli directly or indirectly into nerve impulses.
Even more important, Purcell was science advisor to three presidents, Dwight David Eisenhower, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, and Lyndon Baines Johnson!

In 1940, Alvarez started to work for the US military with the development of narrow beam radar system for bad weather at the MIT.

In 1943, Alvarez left the MIT to join the Manhattan Project research team working in Los Alamos, and developed the detonating device used for the first plutonium bomb. Then, he closely monitored the dropping of the first atomic bomb by the "Enola Gay" on Hiroshima, aboard another B-29.

Alvarez never expressed any doubts or hesitation about the decision to use the
atomic bombs and soon became one of a small number of scientists who strongly
advocated the continuation by the United States of its nuclear weapons program
after the war and the development of the hydrogen bomb as soon as possible.

After the war, Alvarez returned to Berkeley as a full professor. Convinced that the future of nuclear physics lay in high energy research, he focused his research on powerful particle accelerators.

By 1947, Alvarez had designed and constructed his first linear proton accelerator.

After the problem of creation of particles in some type of accelerators,
Alvarez shifted his interest to the detection and identification of those particles, starting from 1950.

This occured in 1953 after meeting Donald Arthur Glaser who won the 1960 Nobel
Prize in Physics for the invention of the bubble chamber. This device allowed
the detection of particles as they pass through a container of superheated
fluid. Note that shortly after, in 1964, Glaser was given the additional title
of Professor of Molecular Biology, and since 1989, he is even Professor of
Physics and Neurobiology!

Alvarez soon realized that the bubble chamber could be refined and improved to
track the dozens of new particles then being produced in Berkeley's newly
constructed giant 184-inch synchrocyclotron, at the university's radiation laboratory. In order to track and records events that lasted no more than a
billionth of a second, he developed relay systems that transmitted messages at
high speeds and new powerful computer programs, along with the construction of
ever larger bubble chambers to record ever greater number of events. Thus, Alvarez eventually discovered dozens of new elementary particles, culminating with his 1968 Nobel Prize for physics.

Finally, he first used high energy subatomic particles as highly penetrating
remote detection carriers, by scanning the pyramid of King Kefren at Giza with muons for possible hidden chambers, in 1965.

ZhiZhong Xing

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一月 18, 2005

中国大亚湾中微子振荡实验

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